2017临沂市中考英语复习语法考点精讲+真题精炼:动词应用
一、动词应用题的命题特点
动词应用题是中考英语试题中的一种传统题型,常以动词填空题出现在中考试题中,主要用来测试考生对动词和非谓语动词形式的掌握情况。这里的“动词填空”不仅仅指谓语动词的正确时态,还包括动词不定式、动名词和分词等形式,而且涉及主动语态和被动语态及主谓一致等知识。因此,掌握好动词的各种形式及其用法是做好此类题的关键。
二、动词应用题的解题技巧
选用动词的适当形式填空主要是测试考生对动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词的用法和其他方面的掌握情况。谓语动词有时态、语态的区别;非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。因此,做此类试题首先要判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,然后确定其正确形式。下面从四个方面将确定动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词等形式的方法分述如下:
1. 确定时态的方法
(1)根据句中所含的时间状语来判断时态
①一般现在时常用的时间状语有sometimes,often,always,usually,every Tuesday,in the morning等。
②一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用:last year,yesterday,... ago,last Monday morning,just now等。
③一般将来时常有表示将来含义的时间状语:tomorrow,next week,this evening等。
④现在进行时常与now连用,或用look,listen创设现在进行时的语言环境。
⑤过去进行时常与表示“具体的过去时间”连用。如:at eight last night,at that time,at this time yesterday等。
⑥现在完成时常用的时间状语有already,just,ever,never,yet以及since/for引导的时间状语。
⑦过去完成时常与表示“与过去时间比较已经完成”,含有“过去的过去”之意的时间状语连用。如:by the end of last year,by 1990等。
⑧过去将来时常出现在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句里,且常与表示“过去将来”的时间状语连用,如the next week/month等。
(2)①根据上下文和时态呼应来判断时态。如:Listen! Who is singing?
②在复合句中,可根据从句的时态判断主句的时态。如:He has been to many places since he came to China. 也可根据主句的时态判断从句的时态。如宾语从句中若主句是一般过去时,宾语从句常用过去的某种时态。如:Bill asked if he could come.
③当主句为一般将来时,从句为if,when,as soon as,until等引导的状语从句时,从句常用一般现在时表示将来。如:If you don’t hurry,you’ll miss the train.
(3)根据习惯表达来判断时态。如:表示客观真理的宾语从句常用一般现在时。如:He said the earth goes round the sun.
2. 确定语态的方法
当句子主语是动作的承受者,含有“被动”之意时,要用被动语态。被动语态的谓语由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。be要随着时态和主语的人称和数而变化。中考所涉及的被动语态只有一般现在时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的句子的被动语态。只要熟练掌握,一般没有什么困难。
3. 确定非谓语动词的方法
对于动词不定式,主要掌握其基本用法,对于动名词和分词,主要掌握教材中出现的常用搭配,并把这些动词分清、记牢。记住这些动词,就等于记住了它们的用法。
①跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有want,try,forget,hope,decide,choose,agree等。
②跟动名词作宾语的动词有keep,finish,enjoy等。
③stop,remember,forget等动词既可跟不定式也可跟动名词作宾语,但意义不同。如:
He stopped talking.
He was so tired that he stopped to have a rest.
④动词let,see,hear,make,feel等后面的宾补在主动语态中常用不带to的不定式,但变为被动语态时,则要带to。如:
They made him work 10 hours a day.
He was made to work 10 hours a day.
4. 其他方面
包括习惯用法、句型、短语等。如一些常见句型:It takes sb. some time to do sth. ;too... to do sth. 等。介词后面应用动词-ing形式。系动词、实义动词在情态动词、助动词后面用原形。此外,还应注意一些常见的短语,如:well done,had better do sth. 等。这些方面的知识主要靠平时积累,并且多做有关练习,加以巩固记忆,只有这六才能熟练掌握。
例如:(2016·山东临沂中考动词应用)
根据短文内容,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空,必要时可加助动词或情态动词。
A special red bridge was found in the Lake District,Britain. The whole bridge used no glue or bolts (螺钉). It was completely made of paper!
The bridge was a piece of art work. It 1 (start) to open to the public in April,2015. The bridge was made of 22,000 pieces of paper and it 2 (be) five meters long.
The bridge became a popular tourist place. The tourists wanted to test whether it would hold their weight. “The red bridge really 3 (stand) out in the wild countryside and makes you 4 (want) to touch it or even walk over it,” said a visitor.
The special paper bridge was an art project by an environmental artist named Steve Messam. To build the paper bridge was not easy at all,and he spent three years 5 (develop) the bridge. He used old principles(原理) from Roman times 6 (build) it. He said the 4. 5 tons of paper made the bridge much stronger than oak(橡木). Even after heavy rain,the bridge wasn’t influenced at all.
The paper 7 (produce) by a paper factory. After the exhibition (展览),all the paper was recycled.
短文大意:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了世界上一座用纸做的特别的红桥。
1. started 由in April,2015可知用一般过去时态。故填started。
2. was 由前半句中的was made of可知此处也用一般过去时。故填was。
3. stands 由后半句中的makes可知此处用一般现在时。故填stands。
4. want 由make sb. do sth. 可知此处用动词原形。故填want。
5. developing 由spend+some time+(in) doing sth. 可知此处用动名词。故填developing。
6. to build 由use sth. to do sth. 可知此处用不定式。故填to build。
7. was produced 由by可知此处用被动语态,结合后句的时态可知此处用一般过去时。故填was produced。